Sep 16, 2021 תן לי להבין, אתה יודע שטומטין נמצא בעגבניות ושמדובר ברעלן גליקואלקלואיד ממשפחת הסולניאדים ואתה מחפש מחקר שבדק כמה נזק הוא יעשה ליונק שנחשף אליו? למה? מה רע בידע הרפואי שמדובר ברעלן מוכר? אין מחקרים כאלו כי זה די ברור מה יקרה ומיותר לבדוק את זה. בכל מקרה התעקשת אז קבל ציטוט מפרק Glycoalkaloids (dehydrotomatine and spirosolane-type glycoalkaloids) and alpha-tomatine are naturally occurring antinutrients in tomato. The most known solanum alkaloids were tomatine, solasonine, and solamargine (Jayakumar and Murugan, 2016). The toxicity mechanism of tomatine occurs by two different ways. First way is removing polarization of cellular membranes by binding to its sterols, involving to the leakage of cellular contents (Milner et al., 2011; Chowanski et al., 2016). When, α-tomatine attaches to sterols found in biological membranes, so it distracts their biosynthesis and metabolism. Its activity fully rely on the level of cholesterol in the cell membrane, and for this reason, α-tomatine cytotoxicity concluded from its attaching to membrane cholesterols and changing membrane chemical aspects. In second mechanism, tomatine prevents acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butirylcholinesterase (BuChE) activities, like other glycoalkaloids such as α-solanine and α-chaconine (Milner et al., 2011; Pohanka, 2014). Toxicity of glycoalkaloids causes gastrointestinal symptoms, kidney inflammation and nephrotoxicity, metal binding, a reduction in iron absorption, and reduction in some enzyme activities. Toxicity level of alpha-tomatine shows a reduction during maturation a result of enzyme-assisted change. The enzymes in charge for this change are working during fruit development, not in mature green fruits (Sander, 1956). Therefore, red ripe tomatoes loose almost all tomatine when stay on plant for a few days. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815270-6.00014-1 בהקשר להרעלות בעלי חיים Animal intoxication by alkaloids is mostly caused by accidental ingestion of food contaminated with alkaloid-containing plants. Clearly, the amount of ingested alkaloid and the sensitivity of the target animal are keyfactors leading to intoxication. Some alkaloids can be extremely harmful to mammals, whichisthe case of the steroidal alkaloid cyclopamine in lambs, identified as the compound in Veratrum californicum (Liliaceae) responsible for teratogen effects resulting in craniofacial birth defects causing a cyclops aspect in offspring of sheep grazing V. californicum (Fig. 1). First reports on this phenomenon occurred during the late 1960s in the western United States (Lee et al. 2014). Plants containing tropane alkaloids (TAs) are found in numerous and important plant families such as Solanaceae, Brassicaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Convolvulaceae, and Euphorbiaceae. TAs are alkaloids derived from ornithine, and in many parts of the world, TA-containing plants have been used for folkloric and medicinal purposes due to their powerful anticholinergic (e.g., scopolamine) and hallucinogenic effects (e.g., hyoscyamine and atropine), causing constipation, photophobia, pupil dilatation, vision disturbance, and dryness of upper digestive and respiratory tract mucosa. Contaminations with TAs often occur via ingestion of food containing Datura, which accumulates high concentrations of scopolamine and hyoscyamine (Koleva et al. 2012). In Solanum plants (Solanaceae), the commonly present glycoalkaloids, solanine and chaconine, can be found in species such as nightshades (S. nigrum), potato (S. tuberosum), tomato (S. lycopersicum), אם תרצה את המשך מוזמן לכאן:Plant Alkaloids: Main Features, Toxicity, and Mechanisms of Action https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Arthur-Fett-Neto/publication/299881802_Plant_Alkaloids_Main_Features_Toxicity_and_Mechanisms_of_Action/links/577a973308ae213761c9bf85/Plant-Alkaloids-Main-Features-Toxicity-and-Mechanisms-of-Action.pdf